The 19th century was the time of many technical innovations. In the 1870s and 1880s, photography underwent an enormous development. Faster and faster camera shutters and increasingly sensitive photographic materials led to great advances. So-called "snapshots" of moving subjects also became possible. Eadweard Muybridge, a native of England, drew aesthetic inspiration from British photographers such as Lewis Caroll, Julia Margaret Cameron and Roger Fenton. He was a photographer, inventor, entrepreneur and entertainer. Muybridge's invention of special techniques to make motion sequences visible through multiple shots was groundbreaking. In the 19th century USA, he succeeded in a unique career as a photographer. Muybridge created a series of photographs of a galloping horse in 1878. He set up 12 cameras along the racetrack and stretched contact wires across the track. The horse's movements triggered the cameras. This was the birth of serial photography. The photographic pioneer thus revealed secrets that had previously been hidden from the human eye. For example, he succeeded for the first time in proving that a horse at a gallop briefly lifts off the ground with all four hooves.
Along with Ottomar Anschütz, Albert Londe and Étienne-Jules Marey, Muybridge is one of the great pioneers of photography. His photographs of people and animals in motion were revolutionary. With his pictures of individual phases of a movement, he founded chronophotography or serial photography. He signed some of his works with his artist name Helios. The tinkerer refined his photographic process more and more. For example, he used a clockwork mechanism with electronic switches as a shutter release, which rotated in certain time sequences. In 1878, Muybridge achieved another groundbreaking invention: the zoopraxiscope, a precursor of the film projector. It is a disc-shaped stroboscope. Using an incandescent lamp, it projects a series of individual images onto a screen. In Palo Alto (California), the inventor presented his first moving images on a screen to an astonished audience. The photographic pioneer thus also did valuable preliminary work for the development of film technology. In one quote, the visionary already foresaw this development: "In the not too distant future, one will [...] record an entire opera, with all the actors' gestures, facial expressions and singing, as well as the accompanying music, and reproduce it with the aid of a device."
With the support of the University of Pennsylvania, Muybridge launched a scientific project on his motion studies in 1883. To do this, he exposed some 100,000 glass plates containing images of, for example, men wrestling, a nude ballet dancer, or elephants. In this way, he documented in detail all possible movements, such as walking, kicking, hopping, sawing. Using a zoopraxiscope, he brought the people and animals to life in their movements. Muybridge was also extremely careful in the selection of his models and attached great importance to graceful posture. Muybridge's books Animals in Motion (1899) and The Human Figure in Motion (1901) are still reprinted today. The movement studies of the photographic pioneer inspired many artists from then until today, for example Edgar Degas, Marcel Duchamp and Francis Bacon.
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.jpg "Jockey on a galloping horse, plate 627 from Animal Locomotion, 1887 by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Nude male Ballet dancer, First Ballet action, lifting right leg (Plate 369) c.1887 by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "The Horse in Motion,")
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.jpg "Running by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Two Men Wrestling, plate 348 from")
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.jpg "Plate 666. Ass; Walking; Saddle; A Girl Riding, Zoo by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Dancing Woman, plate 187 from")
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.jpg "Hauling; Dark-Gray Belgian Horse Hansel, 1885 by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Tiger Walking, Plate 729 from Animal Locomotion by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 444. Two Models Shaking Hands and Kissing Each Other by Eadweard Muybridge")
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_-_(MeisterDrucke-1022737).jpg "Plate 344. Striking a Blow (Right Hand) by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "A sequence photograph by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 514. Feeding a Dog by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 535. Movement of the Hand; Beating Time, 1885 by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 347. Wrestling, Graeco-Roman, 1885 by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Image sequence of a nude man walking,")
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.jpg "Man Walking, from ‘Animal Locomotion’, 1887 by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Man descending stairs, from")
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.jpg "Man ascending stairs, from")
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.jpg "Plate 79. Ascending Incline by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Clark & Moore, Merced River, Yosemite by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 759. Cockatoo; Flying by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 762. Cockatoo; Flying by Eadweard Muybridge")
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_-_(MeisterDrucke-1539470).jpg "Plate Number 506. Bricklaying, 1887 by Eadweard Muybridge")
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_-_(MeisterDrucke-1542838).jpg "Plate Number 758. Cockatoo flying, 1887 by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 76. Ascending Incline by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Galloping Horse, plate 628 from")
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.jpg "Plate 763. Red-Tailed Hawk; Flying by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Cockatoo in flight, from")
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.jpg "Galloping Horse with Rider, Plate 635 from Animal Locomotion by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate Number 758. Cockatoo flying by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 758. Cockatoo; Flying by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 761. Cockatoo; Flying by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate Number 758. Cockatoo Flying, 1887. by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 381. Mason, Laying a Brick by Eadweard Muybridge")
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_(Man_Kicking_a_Ball)_-_(MeisterDrucke-1604734).jpg "Animal Locomotion (plate 300) (Man Kicking a Ball) by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Animal Locomotion, Plate 646 by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate Number 758. Cockatoo flying by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 285. Base-ball; Catching and Throwing by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 760. Cockatoo; Flying by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Man and Horse jumping, from")
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.jpg "Image sequence of an Ox trotting,")
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.jpg "Woman Throwing Handkerchief in Air, Picking It Up, from the Book Animal Locomotion by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Image Sequence of Running Greyhounds,")
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.jpg "Vulture; Flying (Plate 766) by Eadweard Muybridge")
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 - (MeisterDrucke-82045).jpg "Plate Number 521. A, Walking; B, Ascending Step; C, Throwing Disk; D, Using Shovel; E, Using Pick; F, Using Pick, 1887 by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Child bringing bouquet to a woman, Plate 465 from Animal Locomotion by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Animal Locomotion, Plate 712 by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Movement of the Hand; Beating Time by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Movement of the Hand; Clasping Hands by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Man and horse jumping a fence, plate 640 from")
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.jpg "Descending Stairs, Turning Carrying Bucket of Water by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Miner Using a Pick by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Running at Full Speed, 1872-1885 by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Animal Locomotion. An Electro-Photographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Animal by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "One Stride in Eleven Phases, 1881, Illustration from")
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.jpg "Valley of the Yosemite, from Rocky Ford by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Jumping; Running Twist High Jump by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Toilet; Sitting and Putting on Stockings by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Man and horse jumping a fence, plate 643 from")
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.jpg "Removing Water Jar from Shoulder to the Ground & Turning by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Turning and Ascending Stairs by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 744. Raccoon; Walking; Change to Galloping by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 126. Descending Stairs by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 280. Baseball; Catching by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate Number 504. Ascending and Descending Stairs by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 735. Elephants; Two, Walking by Eadweard Muybridge")
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_-_(MeisterDrucke-905670).jpg "Plate 332. Boxing; Cross-Buttocks by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Woman Opening Parasol by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Cat running, plate 720 from")
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.jpg "Movement of the Hand; Hands Changing Pencil (Plate 536) by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Two Men Wrestling, plate 347 from")
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.jpg "Plate 703. Dog; Walking; Interrupted Mastiff-Dread by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 523. Striking a Blow; Throwing Disk by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Sallie Gardner Running from The Attitudes of Animals in Motion by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Horse and Rider Galloping by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Child, Crawling on Hands and Knees by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Pouring Libation on Ground, Drinking from Goblet by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Image Sequence of Running Greyhounds,")
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.jpg "Ascending Incline, Angle 1 in 4 by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 442. Stooping, and Rolling A Stone on the Ground by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Animal Locomotion, Plate 686 by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 489. Ascending Incline, 1872-1885 by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Lion; Walking by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Image Sequence of a Deer Running,")
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.jpg "Acrobat, Descending Stairs on Hands by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 165. Jumping; Pole Vaulting by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Vulture; Flying by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Local Chorea; While Standing by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 162. Jumping; Standing Broad Jump by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Image sequence of a Baboon running,")
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.jpg "Plate 490. Sitting Down; Sprinkling Water by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 648. Jumping Over Three Horses; A,B; Chestnut Horse Hornet by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Valley of the Yosemite, from Rocky Ford by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 741. Bactrian Camel; Walking; Racking by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Animal Locomotion, Plate 758, 1887 by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "City of Guatemala from the South by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 171. Stepping on a Trestle; Jumping Down, Turning by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Woman Using Skipping Rope, from the Book Animal Locomotion by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Jumping; Standing Broad Jump, 1872-1885 by Eadweard Muybridge")
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